Micro Biology

Micro biology is a study about living things which are very small and can't observe by unaided eye.

These living things are called as microorganisms and they can observe only with a microscope.

These microorganisms are very useful for human and sometimes it cause diseases. With this label Microbiology i am trying to give some knowledge about micro organisms their formation their activities and uses.

Several scientists involve on doing experiments about microorganisms I will tell about the history of microorganisms first

Microorganisms were the first living beings on Earth. These Microorganisms started the life on earth. First microorganisms didn’t have the ability to photosynthesis and those days there were very low percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere. As these microorganisms can’t observe with our unaided eye it takes time to know about these microorganisms. Before Scientists find micro organisms and when they are trying to find them society laugh at them by saying there are no microorganisms. Today after finding microorganisms society gets thousands of benefits with them.

There are many types of microorganisms living on earth. There are some examples for microorganisms like   Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Synobacteria, Protozoa and some nematodes also microscopic.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist who found about microorganisms with the microscope he created. He was the first person who has observed live specimen ( living microscopic thing) with his microscope.

Microbiology has lot of new innovations and there are lot of benefits we can get with these microorganisms. Lets see more about microbiology world with this blog

Animal Cell

Animal cells are typical Eucaryotic cells
Enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Animal cells do not have a Cell wall
Both plant and animal cells ranged between 1-100 micro meters
These cells cant see by unaided eye and we have to use compound microscope to observe animal cells

Above picture shows the structure of typical animal cell. But cell to cell above structure can be different and that is only the typical cell structure.

Now lets see what are the organelles we can see in these cells.

Plasma-membrane

Cell Plasma

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi aparates

Lysosomes

Nucleus

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

After discussing about plant cell in my next blog post I will show you about each organelles later

Differences between Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells
Small cells comparing to Eucaryotic cells
Always unicellular
No Nucleus
No any membrane-bound organelles ( Like mitochondria)
DNA is circular and do not combine with Histone
Ribosomes are small (70s)
No cytoskeleton
Cell division by binary fission
Reproduction is asexual

Eucaryotic Cells
Larger Cells comparing to prokaryotic cells
Often Multicellular
Always have Nucleus
DNA is combined with Histone
Ribosomes are large (80s)
There is a cytoskeleton
Cell division is by mitosis or meiosis

 

Kingdoms of Biology

When we consider living organisms there are several groups. Some animals have different characteristics. So according to the characteristics of living organisms they are categorize in to 5 Kingdoms
Monera
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Monera
Monera is single cell organisms. eg: Bacteria, Cynobacteria. Among all the living organisms bacteria are the most common living organism is Bacteria. Bacteria are also known as living fossils because they are present on earth more than 20000 years not facing to any differences.

Protists
This is another living organism type. Many of them are single cells. Some are moving and some are not moving.

Fungi
Motionless living organisms which absorb nutrients.

Plantae
Multi celled organisms. Green organisms. They use photosynthesis process to provide energy. Cell walls are created with cellulose

Animalia

Most complex living organisms on earth. Multi-cell organisms.Cant produce food using sunlight use organic matter as source for food. 

What is chromosome?

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged in to threat- like structures called chromosome. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.

Chromosomes are not visible in the cell nucleus not even under microscope when the cell is not dividing. However the DNA that makes up chromosomes become more tightly packed during cell division is then visible under microscope.

DNA finger printing

The Chemical structure of everyone,s DNA is same.

The chemical structure of man and animals are also the same.

The Different between animals and within people is also generated by DNA, So how it happens if DNA structure is same...

That happens like this

although the chemical structure of a DNA is same order of the base pairs of DNA is different. This will occur the differences between animals.

every person has different sequence of DNA to identify a person scientists have to recognize this sequence of millions of DNAs so scientists use short method to do that because of repeating pasterns in DNA

This method will not able to recognize people separately but will able to recognize whether the two DNA samples are from same person.

What is Life

The entire scientist tried to give a simple definition to life. These scientists were not succeeded according to the knowledge they have gathered they came to know that life can’t define simply. So they compared living and non living things to define life.

1. Living things has an organized structure

When we consider any living thing it is made with organized structure. Atom > Cell > Tissue > like that. Cell is the smallest living thing. It is made with number of atoms and consists with sub cell structures like (mitochondria, ribosome)

2. Living things can involve in reproduction

Every living thing can reproduce. As a living been ends its life in someday they involve in reproduction which can produce another living been which has the same qualities of their parents.

3. Living things will respond to their environment.

Living things can respond to the environment. We know this from the experience we will move to shade if there is too much of sunlight. Plants will wilt if there is no water.

4. Living thins can grow and develop

Living things are growing and developing. This can’t do by non living things.

5. Living things can adapt to the nature

Living things will adapt according to their living places. Mammals live in cold areas have more boozy skin comparing to other mammals.

6. Living things need energy

Every living thing needs energy to continue their lives.

7. Living things can move

Every living thing can move, even a plant. Although we can’t see plants are walking water and nutrients are moving in their xylems.

8. Living things can involve in evolution

9. Living things have biological & chemical reactions inside them.

What is Biology

Bio – living Logy- study so studding about living things is simply known as biology. Biology is the basic foundation to even study Medicine. Lot of universities and schools provide the facility of learning biology for students for their higher studies. Biology can divide in to two parts as Zoology and Botany. As I am a undergraduate in Agriculture this blog may focus more in to Botany. What is Zoology? Zoology is the study about animals and botany is the study of Plants. Usually living things can be categorize in to five kingdoms Monera ,Protista ,Fung,i Plantae, Animalia . In Biology we can discuss about these kingdoms. Other than zoology and botany students can study morphology and physiology of living organisms. Students will able to learn about structure of a living organism under morphology and under physiology they will learn about the functions inside the living organisms.

If we think about the history of biology we can’t exactly tell when it began. Our ancestors may get some knowledge about plants and animals living around them and they may gather information about those plants and animals. This may be the beginning of Biology. With the arrival of Greek civilization people has started to search for reasons cause for the result. People started to believe their should be a reason for every effect. This way of thinking made the foundation of science and biology is a branch of science. This science is the science of life. So Biology also developed with science step by step. After people found microscopes to observe micro organism Micro biology also developed as a science. After the invention of electronic microscopes which is more powerful than light microscope people found more about structure of plant and animal cells and about cell division like things. So here with this blog notes I will help you to improve your biological knowledge.

Top 10 Mysteries( UNSOLVED)

01.Crop Circles
These are created in crop lands in night. These crop circles were shaped like a basic circle first and during past 20 years they were developed in to complex geometric shapes. crop circles are first recorded in 1966 it was in a sugar cane farm in Australia. Farmer showed something like a source shape space craft rise up from his farm. When he looked at landing place he said he found the reeds intricately woven in a clockwise direction on top of the water. After that over years and years there are many crop circles were created in huge farm lands in night. Many people believe that these things happens due to  Alien activities and UFO incidents. These crops are burned sometimes or flatten and some are exposed to radiation. Any way even today no one knows who creates them? what is the purpose? what is the message? That is why they are call as mysteries. Any way the only thing we can think is there should be unexplained truth and energy is behind these things.  

02. Pyramids of Egypt
Even before people invent the wheel Egyptians build these pyramids which are known as one of the miracles of world. Who build them and for what ? Even today no one knows the correct answer for this. Largest pyramid is known as Great pyramid. Many of these pyramids are build with unbelievable shape and size. Without having technology which we have today they create these architectural models even before 5000 years. It is unbelievable how they get in to know these techniques. How they take heavy stones in to the top of the pyramids. How they get the technology of preserving dead bodies. Today scientist has found that due to the shape of the pyramid food,animals,dead bodies can preserve and knife racer etc can get sharpen. But there is no exact scientific explanation about how it happen. So how these ancient Egypt  get this knowledge even  before 5000 years (We don't have that knowledge even today). Pyramids are still there in dusty desert hiding all these things from world for 5000 years.


03. BIGFOOT
Another unsolved mystery of the world, just like Yeti in Himalayan Bigfoot is another strange animal who scared hikers and hunters of North America. Many people believe this is a humanoid creature existing in the world. But no one has a clear idea about this creature. People who saw him describes he is 6 to 10 feet tall and covered with black hairs like male gorilla. He appears  suddenly  and go back to his silent suddenly. No one knows who is he. This is another unsolved mystery and he may scare hunters even in future
   
04. UFO
UFO s as the name explained they are Unidentified Flying Objects. These objects are seen by many people all around the world and thousands of UFO cases are reported yearly. 90% of these cases are misidentifying of flying objects (helicopters, planes, weather balloons) . Even in cave drawings (ancient paintings) they have drawn some UFO shape things (This is even before people invent bicycle. Famous UFO incident happened in 1947 at Roswell (I will write about this later subscribe my blog then you will get it when i post it)
Many pilots has report some unexplained and unidentified flying objects in the sky.But today many pictures are fake because they can create using Photoshop. But 100% is not fake I believe about UFOs  
 


05. AREA 51


Area 51 is another well known world famous man made mystery. This is located in America and highly secured area. People believe there are UFO and Alien research are carrying and some says that UFO a re created in Area 51 for spy purposes. Some says that there are aliens keeping in this area to get their technology. Americans use Alien technologies to develop their technology and some believe that in Area 51 Alien babies are developing by mixing alien and human DNA together. All these things are concepts because no one knows what is actually inside the Area51. Only workers knows the truth and many says government also knows but government says they don't know. One day this mystery will be solve.   
 

06. The Belmez Faces
This is another well known mystery but many says that this can be a fake. Belmez is a small village in Spain and in  Maria Pereira's kitchen picture of a human face appeared suddenly and when she removed it another one appears. This house was build on a graveyard in 1830  and there were number of faces were appeared. Some are male some are female. Expressions of the faces are related with Maria's mood. Some believe these faces created with telekinesis but some says faker was involved and these are created by her son. Every time when floor get repaired faces appeared again.This also not solved 
 


07. The Mayan 2012
Mayan Calender one of the most famous topic these days because it ends on 21/12/2012 . People believe world will end on that day. Mayan calender shows lot of things happened in past and what they shown was happened exactly. But according to my point of view this doesnt show the end of the world it shows the finishing of one cycle. These things will repeat again. Their calender should end somewhere (may be Mayan culture get distroyed before complete this calender). But this may shows earths movement to new astrological phase lets see this mystery will solve on 2012/12/21 


08. Stonehenge
Another unsolved mystery came from history. Another unsolved mystery of ancient people. The meaning of Stonehenge is not clear yet. It was build in 4 stages. This is located in Britain.This may be a temple or a calender or a time clock. Who knows why they build this? This area is more clear no rocks mountains or trees. If these stones can talk they will say how this build why they build what they did but... unfortunately they cant.... 
 

09. Loch Ness Monster
Another great mystery comes from world of bio means from the world of living things. The Loch Ness Monster is a prehistoric creature thought to inhabit the Loch Ness in the Scottish HighlandsNessie first hit the headlines in 1933 when a story was published in the Inverness Courier.One of the most iconic images of Nessie is known as the "Surgeon's Photograph". Its importance lies in the fact that it was the first photo and only photographic evidence of a “head and neck” – all the others are humps or disturbances. This legend take more tourist attraction to this village but new scientists say even there is such creature it will not  raise it's head above from water... Any way no one knows that is why it is call as a mystery .





10. Bermuda Tangle
Bermuda tangle located between Florida, San Juan, and Bermuda from many years boats ships and planes get disappear in this area. There is no reason to happen this most impotent thing is  those get disappeared with passengers and even a single part of these boats ships or planes were never find. And this area is responsible for many ship disappears comparing to other areas. No one knows where these ships and planes goes...